Nanowire with sacrificial top wire

ABSTRACT

Field effect transistors and methods of forming the same include forming a stack of nanowires of alternating layers of channel material and sacrificial material. A layer of sacrificial material forms a top layer of the stack. A dummy gate is formed over the stack. Stack material outside of a region covered by the dummy gate is removed. The sacrificial material is etched to form recesses in the sacrificial material layers. Spacers are formed in the recesses in the sacrificial material layers. At least one pair of spacers is formed in recesses above an uppermost layer of channel material. The dummy gates are etched away. The top layer of sacrificial material protects an uppermost layer of channel material from damage from the anisotropic etch. The sacrificial material is etched away to expose the layers of channel material. A gate stack is formed over, around, and between the layers of channel material.

BACKGROUND

Technical Field

The present invention relates to stacked-channel field effect transistors and, more particularly, to the use of a sacrificial layer to improve retention of top channel layers.

Description of the Related Art

Stacked nanowire and nanosheet devices are proposed for modern and next-generation semiconductor devices. The devices are formed around thin channel materials, configured as either wires or sheets of semiconductor material. Parasitic capacitance in nanosheet devices is a significant performance detractor, which can be mitigated through the formation of an inner spacer between a gate stack and the source and drain regions.

However, the dummy gate processes used to form stacked nanowire and nanosheet devices can cause significant damage to the small-scale channel structures. In particular, etching processes used to remove dummy gate structures and form inner spacers are not perfectly selective and damages the top layer of a nanowire or nanosheet channel. In many cases, the top layer of a channel is destroyed entirely by the process.

SUMMARY

A method for forming a field effect transistor includes forming a stack of nanowires of alternating layers of channel material and sacrificial material, with a layer of sacrificial material forming a top layer of the stack. A dummy gate is formed over the stack. Stack material outside of a region covered by the dummy gate is etched away. The sacrificial material is selectively etched to form recesses in the sacrificial material layers. Spacers are formed in the recesses in the sacrificial material layers, with at least one pair of spacers being formed in recesses above an uppermost layer of channel material. The dummy gates are etched away with an anisotropic etch, where the top layer of sacrificial material protects an uppermost layer of channel material from damage from the anisotropic etch. The sacrificial material is etched away to expose the layers of channel material. A gate stack is formed over and around the layers of channel material.

A method for forming a field effect transistor includes forming a stack of nanowires of alternating layers of channel material and sacrificial material, with a layer of sacrificial material forming a top layer of the stack. A dummy gate is formed over the stack. An initial spacer is formed on sidewalls of the dummy gate. Stack material outside of a region covered by the dummy gate and the initial spacer is etched away. The sacrificial material is selectively etched to form recesses in the sacrificial material layers. The initial spacer is etched away. Crescent-shaped spacers are formed in the recesses in the sacrificial material layers, with at least one pair of spacers being formed in recesses above an uppermost layer of channel material. Merged source and drain regions are formed at respective ends of the layers of channel material. The merged source and drain regions cover the spacers in the recesses in the sacrificial material layers. The dummy gates are etched away with an anisotropic etch, where the top layer of sacrificial material protects an uppermost layer of channel material from damage from the anisotropic etch. The sacrificial material is etched away to expose the layers of channel material. A gate stack is formed over and around the layers of channel material.

A field effect transistor includes a stack of nanowires of vertically arranged channel layers. A source and drain region is positioned at respective ends of the vertically arranged channel layers. A gate stack is formed over, around, and between the vertically arranged channel layers. The transistor includes a plurality of internal spacers, each formed between the gate stack and a respective source or drain region, with at least one pair of spacers being positioned above an uppermost channel layer.

These and other features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure will provide details in the following description of preferred embodiments with reference to the following figures wherein:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 3 is a top-down diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles;

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional diagram of a step in forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles; and

FIG. 18 is a block/flow diagram of a method of forming a field effect transistor in accordance with the present principles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention employ a layer of epitaxially grown sacrificial material on a top layer of a nanowire channel. This sacrificial layer protects the top layer from subsequent etches and prevents damage to the channel material. In addition, the presence of the sacrificial layer leads to the formation of an inner spacer above the uppermost channel layer.

Referring now to the drawings in which like numerals represent the same or similar elements and initially to FIG. 1, a step in the formation of a field effect transistor (FET) is shown. In the present embodiments, a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) embodiment is shown. Specifically, the SOI structure includes a bottom semiconductor layer in the form of, e.g., a silicon substrate 100. An insulating layer 102 lies over the substrate 100 and may be formed from, e.g., silicon dioxide. The semiconductor layer 100 may include any appropriate semiconductor material including, e.g., silicon, silicon germanium, silicon germanium carbide, silicon carbide, polysilicon, epitaxial silicon, amorphous silicon, and multilayers thereof. Although silicon is the predominantly used semiconductor material in wafer fabrication, alternative semiconductor materials can be employed, such as, but not limited to, germanium, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, silicon germanium, cadmium telluride and zinc sellenide. The insulating layer may be a buried oxide region formed from, e.g., silicon dioxide, but it should be understood that any suitable dielectric material may be used. Exemplary alternative dielectric materials which may be used include, e.g., hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, strontium titanium oxide, lanthanum aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxynitride, zirconium oxynitride, lanthanum oxynitride, aluminum oxynitride, strontium titanium oxynitride, lanthanum aluminum oxynitride, yttrium oxynitride, silicates of the above, and alloys of the above.

On top of the insulating layer 102 is a stack 108 of semiconductor materials. The stack includes alternating layers of sacrificial material 104 and channel material 106. In one particular embodiment, it is specifically contemplated that the sacrificial material 104 may be formed from, e.g., silicon germanium, while the channel material 106 may be formed from, e.g., silicon. While it is specifically contemplated that the sacrificial material 104 may be silicon germanium, it should be understood that any material may be used that has etch selectivity with the channel material 106, such that the sacrificial material 104 may be removed without harming structures made from the channel material 106.

Suitable materials for the channel material 106 include, for example, silicon, silicon germanium, silicon germanium carbide, silicon carbide, polysilicon, epitaxial silicon, amorphous silicon, multi-layers thereof, germanium, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, silicon germanium, cadmium telluride, and zinc sellenide. III-V semiconductors may alternatively be used for the channel material 106. The term “III-V compound semiconductor” denotes a semiconductor material that includes at least one element from Group III of the Periodic Table of Elements and at least one element from Group V of the Periodic Table of Elements. Typically, the III-V compound semiconductors are binary, ternary or quaternary alloys including III/V elements. Examples of III-V compound semiconductors that can be used in the present embodiments include, but are not limited to alloys of gallium arsenic, aluminum arsenic, indium gallium arsenic, indium aluminum arsenic, indium aluminum arsenic antimony, indium aluminum arsenic phosphorus, indium gallium arsenic phosphorus and combinations thereof.

It is specifically contemplated that the stack 108 may be epitaxially grown. This refers to the growth of a semiconductor material on a deposition surface of a semiconductor material, in which the semiconductor material being grown has substantially the same crystalline characteristics as the semiconductor material of the deposition surface. The term “epitaxial material” denotes a material that is formed using epitaxial growth. In some embodiments, when the chemical reactants are controlled and the system parameters set correctly, the depositing atoms arrive at the deposition surface with sufficient energy to move on the surface and orient themselves to the crystal arrangement of the atoms of the deposition surface. Thus, in some examples, an epitaxial film deposited on a {100} crystal surface will take on a {100} orientation.

In the case of a silicon channel material 106, the silicon gas source for epitaxial deposition may be selected from the group consisting of, e.g., hexachlorodisilane, tetrachlorosilane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, methylsilane, dimethylsilane, ethylsilane, methyldisilane, dimethyldisilane, hexamethyldisilane and combinations thereof. In the case of a silicon germanium sacrificial material, the silicon sources for epitaxial deposition may be selected from the group consisting of silane, disilane, trisilane, tetrasilane, hexachlorodisilane, tetrachlorosilane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, methylsilane, dimethylsilane, ethylsilane, methyldisilane, dimethyldisilane, hexamethyldisilane and combinations thereof, and the germanium gas sources may be selected from the group consisting of germane, digermane, halogermane, dichlorogermane, trichlorogermane, tetrachlorogermane and combinations thereof.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a step in the formation of a FET is shown. In this step, the stack 108 is etched to form fins 202 (having a length perpendicular to the cross-section shown. Any appropriate anisotropic etch may be used to form the fins 202, with material being removed in the direction normal to the surface of the stack 108 at a rate that is greater than in the direction parallel to the surface. Although narrow fins 202 are shown, any width of fin may be used to create structures having any width from nanowires to nanosheets. It should be understood that a nanowire has a cross-sectional height that is on the same order of magnitude as its cross-sectional width (in one specific embodiment, a nanowire has a ratio of cross-sectional width to cross-sectional height of less than 2:1), whereas a nanosheet has a cross-sectional height that is significantly smaller than its cross-sectional width (in one specific embodiment, having a ratio of cross-sectional width to cross-sectional height of greater than 2:1).

In one exemplary embodiment, a reactive ion etch (RIE) may be used to form the fins 202. RIE is a form of plasma etching in which, during etching, the surface to be etched is placed on an RF powered electrode. During RIE, the surface to be etched takes on a potential that accelerates the etching species' extracted from plasma toward the surface, with the chemical etching reaction taking place in the direction normal to the surface. Other examples of anisotropic etching that can be used include ion beam etching, plasma etching or laser ablation. Alternatively, the fin structure 202 can be formed by spacer imaging transfer.

The etch is selective to the material of the insulator layer 102. As used herein, the term “selective” in reference to a material removal process denotes that the rate of material removal for a first material is greater than the rate of removal for at least another material of the structure to which the material removal process is being applied. In this case, the etch is performed in a manner that is selective between the stack 108 of sacrificial material 104 and channel material 106.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a top-down view of the step of FIG. 2 is shown. The fins 202 shown as being disposed on the insulator layer 102 at regular intervals, but it should be understood that any number of fins 202 may be used at any fixed or varying spacing. Also shown with dashed line A is a cross-section to be used for the following figures and discussion.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a cross-sectional view of a step in the formation of a FET is shown along the cross-section A. A set of dummy gates is deposited, with two outside dummy gates 402 and a central dummy gate 404. The dummy gates 402 and 404 may be formed from a semiconductor material including, e.g., polysilicon or amorphous silicon, that has etch selectivity with the sacrificial material 104. The dummy gates 402 and 404 cover the ends of the fins 202 and the center of the fins 202, while leaving the areas between exposed. The dummy gates 402/404 may be formed by depositing material over the fins 202 and subsequently patterning the into the dummy gate material using any appropriate lithography or etch process.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a cross-sectional view of a step in the formation of a FET is shown along the cross-section A. Spacers 502 are deposited conformally along the sidewalls of the gates 402 and 404. Spacer material 502 may be removed from the sidewalls of the fins 202 using an anisotropic etch such as RIE. Note that the present figures are not drawn exactly to scale—the removal of the spacer material 502 from the sidewalls of the fins 202 will result in an etch back along the sidewalls of the dummy gates 404 at least as deep as the height of the fins 202. Deposition of the spacers 502 may include any appropriate deposition process including, e.g., chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition, or atomic layer deposition. In one particular embodiment, the spacers 502 may be formed from a hardmask material such as, e.g., silicon nitride. Other hardmask compositions for the spacers 502 include silicon oxides, silicon oxynitrides, silicon carbides, silicon carbonitrides, etc. Spin-on dielectrics may also be utilized as a hardmask material including, but not limited to: silsequioxanes, siloxanes, and boron phosphate silicate glass.

CVD is a deposition process in which a deposited species is formed as a result of chemical reaction between gaseous reactants at greater than room temperature (e.g., from about 25° C. to about 900° C.). The solid product of the reaction is deposited on the surface on which a film, coating, or layer of the solid product is to be formed. Variations of CVD processes include, but not limited to, Atmospheric Pressure CVD, Low Pressure CVD and Plasma Enhanced CVD, Metal-Organic CVD, and combinations thereof. PVD may include processes such as sputtering where, for example, DC diode systems, radio frequency sputtering, magnetron sputtering, and ionized metal plasma sputtering.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a cross-sectional view of a step in the formation of a FET is shown along the cross-section A. Portions of the fins 202 are etched away, leaving a channel region 602 under the central dummy gate 404, with remnants 604 embedded in the lateral dummy gates 402. An anisotropic etch, such as RIE, is used to remove the material in the regions that will eventually become the source and drain of the device.

Referring now to FIG. 7, a cross-sectional view of a step in the formation of a FET is shown along the cross-section A. A selective, timed, isotropic etch is used to remove some of the sacrificial material 104, recessing the sacrificial material 104 with respect to the channel material 106. This results in recessed sacrificial material 704 and protruding channel material 702. The term “isotropic etch” denotes an etch process that is non-directional. By “non-directional” it is meant that the etch rate is not substantially greater in any one direction in comparison to all of the etch directions. The etch is timed, with a known etching rate being used to determine how long to allow the etch to continue to achieve a predetermined degree of recess in the recessed sacrificial material 704. One notable feature of the recessed sacrificial material 704 is emphasized in the dashed box 706, shown in greater detail in FIG. 8 below.

The isotropic etch may be a wet chemical etch or a dry etch. For example, the etchant may be a corrosive liquid or a chemically active ionized gas, such as a plasma. The precise composition of the etch will depend on the character of the sacrificial material 104 and the channel material 106, with the etch selectively removing only the sacrificial material. For example, wet etches may include inorganic acids and oxidizing agents that do not attack the channel material 106 may be used. Examples of oxidizing agents may include peroxides, nitrates, nitrites, perchlorates, chlorates, chlorites, hypochlorites, dichromates, permanganates, persulfates or combinations thereof. The inorganic acids can include hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, or combinations thereof.

Referring now to FIG. 8, an expanded view of box 706 is shown. In particular, detail on the recessed layers of sacrificial material 704 is shown. The etch that recessed the sacrificial material 704 is not perfectly isotropic, leaving a curved shape 802 to the outward facing surface of the recessed sacrificial material 704.

Referring now to FIG. 9, a cross-sectional view of a step in the formation of a FET is shown along the cross-section A. In this step, the spacers 502 are removed using an isotropic etch. As above, the isotropic etch may be a wet chemical etch or a dry etch. The removal of the spacers 502 exposes the sidewalls of the dummy gates 402 and 404.

Referring now to FIG. 10, a cross-sectional view of a step in the formation of a FET is shown along the cross-section A. A layer of spacer material is conformally deposited over the surfaces of the gates 402/404, the recessed sacrificial material 704, and the protruding channel material 702. As above, deposition of the spacers 1004 may include any appropriate deposition process including, e.g., chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition, or atomic layer deposition. In one particular embodiment, the spacers 704 may be formed from a hardmask material such as, e.g., silicon nitride. Other hardmask compositions for the spacers 704 include silicon oxides, silicon oxynitrides, silicon carbides, silicon carbonitrides, etc. Spin-on dielectrics may also be utilized as a hardmask material including, but not limited to: silsequioxanes, siloxanes, and boron phosphate silicate glass.

An anisotropic etch, such as RIE, is used to remove spacer material from the facing surfaces of the protruding channel material 702, exposing a face of the channel material. The resulting surface is emphasized in the dashed box 1002 and shown in greater detail below.

Referring now to FIG. 11, an expanded view of box 1002 is shown. In particular, detail on the spacer 1004 is shown. In particular, after removal of the material on the facing surface of the protruding channel material 702, spacer material 1102 remains in the recessed portions of the recessed sacrificial material 704. In practice, these spacers 1102 form “crescent moon” shapes that remain as a structural component of the finished device. In contrast to conventional devices, the presence of a layer of sacrificial material 704 on top of the uppermost layer of protruding channel material 702 causes one such spacer 7702 to form above the uppermost layer of protruding channel material 702.

Referring now to FIG. 12, a cross-sectional view of a step in the formation of a FET is shown along the cross-section A. Source and drain regions are epitaxially grown from the exposed faces of the channel material 702, with vertically adjacent channel layers merging to produce active source/drain regions 1202 and vestigial source/drain regions 1204. In the case of a silicon channel material 702, the silicon gas source for epitaxial deposition may be selected from the group consisting of, e.g., hexachlorodisilane, tetrachlorosilane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, methylsilane, dimethylsilane, ethylsilane, methyldisilane, dimethyldisilane, hexamethyldisilane and combinations thereof. As shown, growth follows a crystalline growth pattern that follows the crystalline structure of the facing surface of the protruding channel material 702. The vestigial merged source/drain regions 1204 are emphasized in dashed box 1206 and shown in FIG. 13 below.

The source/drain regions 1202/1204 may be doped with dopant atoms. The dopant atoms may be an n-type dopant (i.e., an element from Group IV or VI of the Periodic Table of Elements) or a p-type dopant (i.e., an element from Group II or VI of the Periodic Table of Elements). Exemplary n-type dopants for a group IV semiconductor include phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. Exemplary p-type dopants for a group IV semiconductor include boron, aluminum, and gallium. Exemplary n-type dopants for a III-V semiconductor include selenium, tellurium, silicon, and germanium. Exemplary p-type dopants for a III-V semiconductor include beryllium, zinc, cadmium, silicon, and germanium. The concentration of dopant within the doped region is typically from about 1011 to about 1015 atoms/cm2, with a concentration of dopant within the doped region from about 1011 to about 1013 atoms/cm2 being more typical. The source/drain regions 1202/1204 may be in situ doped as they are grown on the channel material 702 or, alternatively, may be doped through an implantation process. Notably, the channel material 702 that remains underneath the dummy gates 402/404 is not doped.

Referring now to FIG. 13, an expanded view of box 1206 is shown. In particular, detail on the merged source/drain region 1204 is shown. It should be understood that the active source/drain regions 1202 and the vestigial source/drain regions 1204 are essentially similar in structure. The vertically adjacent channel layers merge and become a single crystalline structure, with the crescent moon spacers 1102 trapped within.

Referring now to FIG. 14, a cross-sectional view of a step in the formation of a FET is shown along the cross-section A. Dielectric material 1402 is filled to or above the level of the top surface of the dummy gates 402/404. It is specifically contemplated that the dielectric material 1402 may have the same composition as the insulator layer 102 or may, alternatively, be formed from any appropriate insulating material. If the dielectric material 1402 is filled to a level above the top surface of the dummy gates 402/404, the material may then be polished down to the level of the dummy gates 402/404 using a chemical mechanical planarization that stops on the material of the dummy gates 402/404.

Referring now to FIG. 15, a cross-sectional view of a step in the formation of a FET is shown along the cross-section A. The dummy gates 402/404 have been removed, exposing the remaining sacrificial material 704. An anisotropic etch is used to remove the dummy gate material, but it should be recognized that no anisotropic etch is perfectly selective. This etch will cause some damage to the top layer of the sacrificial material 704—the presence of the sacrificial material 704 protects the underlying channel layers from damage.

Referring now to FIG. 16, a cross-sectional view of a step in the formation of a FET is shown along the cross-section A. An isotropic etch is used to remove the remaining sacrificial material 704, leaving channels 1602 exposed. The etch may be a wet etch or a dry etch. For example, wet etches may include inorganic acids and oxidizing agents that do not attack the channel material 106 may be used. Examples of oxidizing agents may include peroxides, nitrates, nitrites, perchlorates, chlorates, chlorites, hypochlorites, dichromates, permanganates, persulfates or combinations thereof. The inorganic acids can include hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, or combinations thereof.

Referring now to FIG. 16, a cross-sectional view of a step in the formation of a FET is shown along the cross-section A. A gate stack 1702 is formed, including for example a gate dielectric layer, a work function metal, and a gate material that may be deposited and planarized according to any appropriate process. The device may be finished by forming electrical contacts to the active source/drain regions 1202 and the gate stack 1702.

It is to be understood that the present invention will be described in terms of a given illustrative architecture having a wafer; however, other architectures, structures, substrate materials and process features and steps may be varied within the scope of the present invention.

It will also be understood that when an element such as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being “on” or “over” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” or “directly over” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present.

A design for an integrated circuit chip may be created in a graphical computer programming language, and stored in a computer storage medium (such as a disk, tape, physical hard drive, or virtual hard drive such as in a storage access network). If the designer does not fabricate chips or the photolithographic masks used to fabricate chips, the designer may transmit the resulting design by physical means (e.g., by providing a copy of the storage medium storing the design) or electronically (e.g., through the Internet) to such entities, directly or indirectly. The stored design is then converted into the appropriate format (e.g., GDSII) for the fabrication of photolithographic masks, which typically include multiple copies of the chip design in question that are to be formed on a wafer. The photolithographic masks are utilized to define areas of the wafer (and/or the layers thereon) to be etched or otherwise processed.

Methods as described herein may be used in the fabrication of integrated circuit chips. The resulting integrated circuit chips can be distributed by the fabricator in raw wafer form (that is, as a single wafer that has multiple unpackaged chips), as a bare die, or in a packaged form. In the latter case the chip is mounted in a single chip package (such as a plastic carrier, with leads that are affixed to a motherboard or other higher level carrier) or in a multichip package (such as a ceramic carrier that has either or both surface interconnections or buried interconnections). In any case the chip is then integrated with other chips, discrete circuit elements, and/or other signal processing devices as part of either (a) an intermediate product, such as a motherboard, or (b) an end product. The end product can be any product that includes integrated circuit chips, ranging from toys and other low-end applications to advanced computer products having a display, a keyboard or other input device, and a central processor.

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present principles, as well as other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present principles. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment”, as well any other variations, appearing in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

It is to be appreciated that the use of any of the following “/”, “and/or”, and “at least one of”, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, “A and/or B” and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and/or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C”, such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C). This may be extended, as readily apparent by one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items listed.

Referring now to FIG. 18, a block/flow diagram of a method of forming a FET is shown. Block 1802 forms the stack 108 of layers of sacrificial material 104 and layers of channel material 106, with a layer of sacrificial material at the top of the stack 108. Block 1802 etches fins 202 into the stack 108, with each fin 202 providing the basis for a FET and being spaced apart in accordance with design needs and technology limits.

Block 1806 forms dummy gates 402 and 404 over the spacers, depositing a layer of material and etching away any material that does not belong to the dummy gates 402/404 using, e.g., photolithography or an anisotropic etch. Block 1807 forms spacers 502 on the sidewalls of the dummy gates 402/404 by, e.g., conformally depositing a layer of spacer material and anisotropically etching them material from horizontal surfaces. Block 1808 then anisotropically etches the fins 202 from areas around the dummy gates 402/404, leaving three fin regions remaining underneath the dummy gates 402/404.

Block 1810 uses an isotropic etch, for example a wet chemical etch, to selectively recess the sacrificial material and create recessed sacrificial layers 704 with recesses 802. Block 1812 removes the remaining spacer material from the first spacers 502 and block 1814 forms a second layer of spacers material conformally over the recessed sacrificial layers 704. Block 1816 anisotropically etches the second spacers 1004, removing any spacer material on horizontal surfaces or which extends past the protruding channel layers 702 to form the inner spacers 1102.

Block 1818 epixtaxially grows source/drain regions 1202/1204 from the exposed faces of the protruding channel layers 704. Block 1820 forms dielectric material 1402 around the dummy gates 402/404 to or above the level of the top surface of the dummy gates 402/404. Block 1822 etches away the dummy gates with an anisotropic etch to expose the remaining sacrificial material 704. The remaining sacrificial material 704 protects the underlying channel layers 1602 from the etch that removes the dummy gates 402/404. Block 1824 removes the remaining sacrificial material 704 to expose the channel layers 1602. Block 1826 then forms the gate stack 1702 over and around the channel layers 1602.

Having described preferred embodiments of a sacrificial layer for channel surface retention and inner spacer formation in stacked-channel FETs (which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting), it is noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments disclosed which are within the scope of the invention as outlined by the appended claims. Having thus described aspects of the invention, with the details and particularity required by the patent laws, what is claimed and desired protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims. 

1. A method for forming a field effect transistor, comprising: forming a stack of nanowires of alternating layers of channel material and sacrificial material, with a layer of sacrificial material forming a top layer of the stack; forming a dummy gate over the stack; etching away stack material outside of a region covered by the dummy gate; selectively etching the sacrificial material to form recesses in the sacrificial material layers; forming spacers in the recesses in the sacrificial material layers, with at least one pair of spacers being formed in recesses above an uppermost layer of channel material; etching away the dummy gates with an anisotropic etch, where the top layer of sacrificial material protects an uppermost layer of channel material from damage from the anisotropic etch; etching away the sacrificial material to expose the layers of channel material; and forming a gate stack over and around the layers of channel material.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming merged source and drain regions at respective ends of the layers of channel material.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the merged source and drain regions cover the spacers in the recesses in the sacrificial material layers.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein forming merged source and drain regions comprises epitaxially growing the source and drain regions from exposed faces of the layers of channel material.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the spacers each have a crescent shape.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein forming spacers in the recesses in the sacrificial material layers comprises conformally depositing spacer material and etching away spacer material outside of the recesses.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming an initial spacer on sidewalls of the dummy gate before etching the stack material, such that stack material directly under the spacers is not removed; and etching away the initial spacer before forming the spacers in the recesses of the sacrificial material.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming lateral dummy gates on each side of the dummy gate.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein etching the stack material etches away only stack material not covered by the dummy gate and the lateral dummy gates.
 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising forming vestigial source and drain regions at ends of the layers of channel material in regions covered by the lateral dummy gates.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein each nanowire has a cross-sectional width that is less than twice a cross-sectional height.
 12. A method for forming a field effect transistor, comprising: forming a stack of nanowires of alternating layers of channel material and sacrificial material, with a layer of sacrificial material forming a top layer of the stack; forming a dummy gate over the stack; forming an initial spacer on sidewalls of the dummy gate; etching away stack material outside of a region covered by the dummy gate and the initial spacer; selectively etching the sacrificial material to form recesses in the sacrificial material layers; etching away the initial spacer; forming crescent-shaped spacers in the recesses in the sacrificial material layers, with at least one pair of spacers being formed in recesses above an uppermost layer of channel material; forming merged source and drain regions at respective ends of the layers of channel material, said merged source and drain regions covering the spacers in the recesses in the sacrificial material layers; etching away the dummy gates with an anisotropic etch, where the top layer of sacrificial material protects an uppermost layer of channel material from damage from the anisotropic etch; etching away the sacrificial material to expose the layers of channel material; and forming a gate stack over, around, and between the layers of channel material.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein forming spacers in the recesses in the sacrificial material layers comprises conformally depositing spacer material and etching away spacer material outside of the recesses.
 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: forming lateral dummy gates on each side of the dummy gate; and forming vestigial source and drain regions at ends of the layers of channel material in regions covered by the lateral dummy gates.
 15. A field effect transistor, comprising: a stack of nanowires of vertically arranged channel layers; a source and drain region at respective ends of the vertically arranged channel layers; a gate stack formed over, around, and between the vertically arranged channel layers; and a plurality of internal spacers, each formed between the gate stack and a respective source or drain region, with at least one pair of spacers being positioned above an uppermost channel layer.
 16. The field effect transistor of claim 15, wherein the source and drain regions each comprise a respective merged source or drain region that contacts multiple channel layers.
 17. The field effect transistor of claim 16, wherein the merged source and drain regions share a crystalline structure with the channel layers.
 18. The field effect transistor of claim 15, wherein the internal spacers each have a crescent shape.
 19. The field effect transistor of claim 15, further comprising vestigial source and drain regions formed in lateral gate stacks on each side of the gate stack.
 20. The field effect transistor of claim 15, wherein each nanowire has a cross-sectional width that is less than twice a cross-sectional height. 